Female representation in Economics, as of July 2024

These statistics draw on the published economists registered with the RePEc Author Service. Gender attribution is performed through pattern matching with NamSor. A category is listed if it has at least 50 members.

Overall, 18315 of 69079 economists are female, or a proportion of 26.5%.

Listings by

• Country
• US state
• Field
• Cohort
• Ranking

Each table can be sorted by clicking on table headers.

Female representation in Economics by country

Attribution to country is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

Country	# authors	# female	share(%)
Algeria	72.56	17	23.4
Argentina	391.49	97.65	24.9
Australia	1570.31	392.83	25
Austria	551.46	118.52	21.4
Azerbaijan	52.85	10	18.9
Bangladesh	188.73	20.14	10.6
Belgium	879.17	227.45	25.8
Bolivia	85.26	24.24	28.4
Brazil	886.66	142.26	16
Bulgaria	250.67	125.92	50.2
Cameroun	61.39	10.18	16.5
Canada	1728.04	366.64	21.2
Chile	458.01	68.87	15
China	1533.23	415.78	27.1
Colombia	699.57	161.24	23
Croatia	164.61	85.48	51.9
Czech Republic	527.16	170.61	32.3
Denmark	431.86	105.24	24.3
Ecuador	124.8	32.29	25.8
Egypt	110.22	43.8	39.7
Estonia	54.9	18	32.7
Ethiopia	69.37	16.5	23.7
Finland	266.45	66.34	24.9
France	3819.33	1228.82	32.1
Germany	3589.39	912.46	25.4
Ghana	125.64	10.74	8.5
Greece	603.05	141.49	23.4
Hong Kong	155.36	27.56	17.7
Hungary	313.2	90.24	28.8
India	1216.64	351.54	28.8
Indonesia	407.12	104.86	25.7
Iran	155.54	19	12.2
Ireland	339.09	110.29	32.5
Israel	243.88	42	17.2
Italy	3469.59	1134.23	32.6
Japan	1241.09	167.3	13.4
Kazakhstan	57.3	15	26.1
Luxembourg	180.96	45.9	25.3
North Macedonia	68.39	30	43.8
Malaysia	390.18	101.46	26
Mexico	428.21	80.31	18.7
Morocco	90.94	16.1	17.7
Netherlands	1191.25	268.87	22.5
New Zealand	283.34	64.72	22.8
Nigeria	369.2	65.55	17.7
Norway	487.27	94.9	19.4
Pakistan	521.14	113.12	21.7
Peru	245.49	43.39	17.6
Philippines	173.92	62.02	35.6
Poland	732.87	244.41	33.3
Portugal	705.2	251.86	35.7
Romania	1162.38	676.87	58.2
Russia	1584.57	709.3	44.7
Saudi Arabia	79.48	6.4	8
Singapore	209.2	44.75	21.3
Slovakia	146.94	52.46	35.7
Slovenia	51.26	12	23.4
South Africa	404.14	121.17	29.9
South Korea	400.02	89.95	22.4
Spain	2562.58	833.33	32.5
Sri Lanka	52.35	22.34	42.6
Sweden	733.14	184.38	25.1
Switzerland	1085.74	253.5	23.3
Taiwan	257.6	60.05	23.3
Thailand	151.44	61.23	40.4
Tunisia	259.29	82.43	31.7
Turkey	920.32	240.73	26.1
United Arab Emirates	108.23	19.14	17.6
United Kingdom	3917.14	1008.04	25.7
Ukraine	207.4	75.3	36.3
Uruguay	131.75	50.85	38.5
United States	12445.92	2849.93	22.8
Viet Nam	216.82	57.75	26.6

Female representation in Economics by US state

Attribution to state is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

State	# authors	# female	share (%)
Alabama (United States)	97.83	21.81	22.2
Arkansas (United States)	50.48	9.16	18.1
Arizona (United States)	120.61	29.49	24.4
California (United States)	1169.01	257.53	22
Colorado (United States)	140.1	29.51	21
Connecticut (United States)	236.72	44.65	18.8
District of Columbia (United States)	2443.04	655.15	26.8
Florida (United States)	253.76	57.5	22.6
Georgia (United States)	301.63	69.41	23
Iowa (United States)	80.93	20.5	25.3
Illinois (United States)	541.74	102.04	18.8
Indiana (United States)	267.46	55.43	20.7
Kansas (United States)	69.04	11.89	17.2
Kentucky (United States)	86.36	14.9	17.2
Louisiana (United States)	85.67	17.8	20.7
Massachusetts (United States)	904.76	213.76	23.6
Maryland (United States)	232.45	49.7	21.3
Maine (United States)	51.8	11.75	22.6
Michigan (United States)	300.21	57.12	19
Minnesota (United States)	170.4	38.23	22.4
Missouri (United States)	243.09	63.77	26.2
North Carolina (United States)	322.03	59.47	18.4
New Hampshire (United States)	70.84	18.77	26.5
New Jersey (United States)	202.62	42.85	21.1
New York (United States)	1013.64	233.66	23
Ohio (United States)	287.83	66.27	23
Oklahoma (United States)	84.7	21.87	25.8
Oregon (United States)	62.69	18.5	29.5
Pennsylvania (United States)	550.99	131.39	23.8
Rhode Island (United States)	87.95	16.5	18.7
South Carolina (United States)	83.97	15.83	18.8
Tennessee (United States)	151.25	29.91	19.7
Texas (United States)	502.21	102.25	20.3
Utah (United States)	114.94	18.3	15.9
Virginia (United States)	350.3	78.23	22.3
Washington (United States)	100.2	26.72	26.6
Wisconsin (United States)	164.63	36.47	22.1

Female representation in Economics by field

Field is determined by the proportion of papers announced through NEP that are in a particular field. Note that a paper may be is several fields.

Field	# authors	# female	share (%)
NEP-ACC: Accounting and Auditing	166.79	47.33	28.3
NEP-AFR: Africa	303.72	73.38	24.1
NEP-AGE: Economics of Ageing	337.01	106.01	31.4
NEP-AGR: Agricultural Economics	1431.23	397.48	27.7
NEP-ARA: MENA - Middle East and North Africa	376.92	110.52	29.3
NEP-BAN: Banking	886.22	211.31	23.8
NEP-BEC: Business Economics	447.23	97.06	21.7
NEP-BIG: Big Data	236.93	57.03	24
NEP-CBA: Central Banking	1246.56	252.14	20.2
NEP-CBE: Cognitive and Behavioural Economics	372.39	94.69	25.4
NEP-CDM: Collective Decision-Making	330.94	66.87	20.2
NEP-CFN: Corporate Finance	268.47	52.01	19.3
NEP-CIS: Confederation of Independent States	457.91	195.64	42.7
NEP-CMP: Computational Economics	358.1	79.93	22.3
NEP-CNA: China	275.68	93.55	33.9
NEP-COM: Industrial Competition	715.82	134.62	18.8
NEP-CSE: Economics of Strategic Management	344.1	108.72	31.5
NEP-CTA: Contract Theory and Applications	159.68	31.43	19.6
NEP-CUL: Cultural Economics	83.32	32.63	39.1
NEP-CWA: Central and Western Asia	295.66	71.65	24.2
NEP-DCM: Discrete Choice Models	211.26	49.31	23.3
NEP-DEM: Demographic Economics	183.17	78.13	42.6
NEP-DES: Economic Design	143.91	25.48	17.7
NEP-DEV: Development	720.3	219.59	30.4
NEP-DGE: Dynamic General Equilibrium	1260.82	239.06	18.9
NEP-ECM: Econometrics	816.11	130	15.9
NEP-EDU: Education	501.21	163.84	32.6
NEP-EEC: European Economics	692.49	174.28	25.1
NEP-EFF: Efficiency and Productivity	505.68	125.47	24.8
NEP-ENE: Energy Economics	1415.97	342.93	24.2
NEP-ENT: Entrepreneurship	346.22	82.04	23.6
NEP-ENV: Environmental Economics	1792.69	481.79	26.8
NEP-ETS: Econometric Time Series	346.15	51.74	14.9
NEP-EUR: Microeconomic European Issues	831.34	310.92	37.4
NEP-EVO: Evolutionary Economics	149.43	26.69	17.8
NEP-EXP: Experimental Economics	1255.46	351.37	27.9
NEP-FDG: Financial Development and Growth	421.71	109.86	26
NEP-FIN: Finance	69.13	8.52	12.3
NEP-FLE: Financial Literacy and Education	57.31	24.12	42
NEP-FMK: Financial Markets	233.06	41.95	18
NEP-FOR: Forecasting	243.54	53.83	22.1
NEP-GEN: Gender	113.44	61.99	54.6
NEP-GEO: Economic Geography	514.96	114.25	22.1
NEP-GER: German Papers	186.43	44.66	23.9
NEP-GRO: Economic Growth	225.78	47.66	21.1
NEP-GTH: Game Theory	620.26	112.58	18.1
NEP-HAP: Economics of Happiness	123.43	39.11	31.6
NEP-HEA: Health Economics	908.49	305	33.5
NEP-HIS: Business, Economic and Financial History	882.8	192.45	21.8
NEP-HME: Heterodox Microeconomics	279.44	77.45	27.7
NEP-HPE: History and Philosophy of Economics	276.11	49.82	18
NEP-HRM: Human Capital and Human Resource Management	265.28	75.34	28.4
NEP-IAS: Insurance Economics	274.58	71.75	26.1
NEP-ICT: Information and Communication Technologies	148.94	43.02	28.8
NEP-IFN: International Finance	217.37	46.13	21.2
NEP-IND: Industrial Organization	190.09	37.75	19.8
NEP-INO: Innovation	635.13	171.38	26.9
NEP-INT: International Trade	1301.44	349.86	26.8
NEP-IPR: Intellectual Property Rights	128.02	31.75	24.8
NEP-ISF: Islamic Finance	200.41	57.08	28.4
NEP-IUE: Informal and Underground Economics	148.67	44.17	29.7
NEP-KNM: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Economy	139.98	43.18	30.8
NEP-LAB: Labour Economics	1185.88	377.59	31.8
NEP-LAM: Central and South America	208.49	58.57	28
NEP-LAW: Law and Economics	300.17	78.18	26
NEP-LMA: Labor Markets - Supply, Demand, and Wages	547.95	166.75	30.4
NEP-LTV: Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty	226.81	60.43	26.6
NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics	3780.15	737.45	19.5
NEP-MFD: Microfinance	126.34	34.71	27.4
NEP-MIC: Microeconomics	602.36	85.22	14.1
NEP-MIG: Economics of Human Migration	383.36	135.04	35.2
NEP-MKT: Marketing	101.99	28.02	27.4
NEP-MON: Monetary Economics	1512.63	315.01	20.8
NEP-MST: Market Microstructure	96.14	19.71	20.5
NEP-NET: Network Economics	195.34	38.9	19.9
NEP-NEU: Neuroeconomics	74.21	34.59	46.6
NEP-OPM: Open Economy Macroeconomics	389.86	89.97	23
NEP-ORE: Operations Research	368.37	70.77	19.2
NEP-PAY: Payment Systems and Financial Technology	359.03	102.56	28.5
NEP-PBE: Public Economics	624.53	139.64	22.3
NEP-PKE: Post Keynesian Economics	191.9	40.72	21.2
NEP-POL: Positive Political Economics	431.31	90.11	20.8
NEP-PPM: Project, Program and Portfolio Management	73.76	21.3	28.8
NEP-PUB: Public Finance	248.06	53.56	21.5
NEP-REG: Regulation	373.89	87.04	23.2
NEP-RES: Resource Economics	63.44	16.28	25.6
NEP-RMG: Risk Management	398.79	80.03	20
NEP-SBM: Small Business Management	439.22	120.47	27.4
NEP-SEA: South East Asia	632.77	160.86	25.4
NEP-SOC: Social Norms and Social Capital	303.53	90.41	29.7
NEP-SOG: Sociology of Economics	91.69	22.51	24.5
NEP-SPO: Sports and Economics	88.57	8.4	9.4
NEP-TID: Technology and Industrial Dynamics	339.25	85.9	25.3
NEP-TRA: Transition Economics	739.21	282.96	38.2
NEP-TRE: Transport Economics	199.19	51.89	26
NEP-TUR: Tourism Economics	62.97	18.89	30
NEP-UPT: Utility Models and Prospect Theory	369.1	74.11	20
NEP-URE: Urban and Real Estate Economics	2004.23	547.06	27.2

Female representation in Economics by cohort

Cohort is based on information listed in the RePEc Genealogy.

Cohort	# authors	# female	share (%)
1971	55	3	5.4
1972	54	1	1.8
1973	67	5	7.4
1974	71	1	1.4
1975	90	4	4.4
1976	90	7	7.7
1977	62	2	3.2
1978	87	10	11.4
1979	83	5	6
1980	92	5	5.4
1981	104	3	2.8
1982	104	8	7.6
1983	127	15	11.8
1984	108	12	11.1
1985	126	7	5.5
1986	151	16	10.5
1987	154	21	13.6
1988	171	30	17.5
1989	186	19	10.2
1990	193	22	11.3
1991	203	28	13.7
1992	220	34	15.4
1993	243	35	14.4
1994	223	39	17.4
1995	283	45	15.9
1996	303	52	17.1
1997	273	41	15
1998	328	72	21.9
1999	364	79	21.7
2000	441	87	19.7
2001	419	105	25
2002	448	105	23.4
2003	433	95	21.9
2004	429	84	19.5
2005	480	110	22.9
2006	493	119	24.1
2007	544	136	25
2008	575	141	24.5
2009	584	149	25.5
2010	559	156	27.9
2011	539	135	25
2012	541	112	20.7
2013	507	133	26.2
2014	476	114	23.9
2015	456	106	23.2
2016	387	90	23.2
2017	374	81	21.6
2018	356	91	25.5
2019	311	69	22.1
2020	285	74	25.9
2021	220	58	26.3
2022	194	43	22.1
2023	163	46	28.2
2024	54	11	20.3

Female representation in Economics by ranking

Proportion of females in 5-percentile groups taken from the rankings of economists, all-time publications and last 10 years of publications.

%ile	All (%)	10Y (%)
1-1	5.9	10.5
2-2	9.6	10.4
3-3	7.5	17.5
4-4	11.5	15.1
5-5	10.9	16.3
6-10	14.9	18.4
11-15	18.2	21.8
16-20	20.7	23.2
21-25	23.3	23.2
26-30	24.8	25.8
31-40	25.6	27.5
41-50	28.3	27.7
51-100

The data presented here are experimental. They are based on a sample of the research output in Economics and Finance. Only material catalogued in RePEc is considered. For any citation based criterion, only works that could be parsed by the CitEc project are considered. For any ranking of people, only those registered with the RePEc Author Service can be taken into account. And for rankings of institutions, only those listed in EDIRC and claimed as affiliation by the respective, registered authors can be measured. Thus, this list is by no means based on a complete sample. You can help making this more comprehensive by encouraging more publications to be listed (instructions) and more authors to register (form). For more details on the various rankings that are available as well for documentation, follow this link.

Credits:

• Citations from CitEc project by José Manuel Barrueco Cruz, University of Valencia, Spain. Hardware provided by Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE), Valencia, Spain.
• Abstract views and downloads statistics from LogEc project by Sune Karlsson, Örebro University, Sweden.
• Author registration by Ivan Kumanov, Minsk, Belarus.
• Institutions database and ranking computations by Christian Zimmermann, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
• RePEc has been initiated by Thomas Krichel.